Mycobacterial rpoB sequences

ABSTRACT

This invention provides polynucleotide probes, sequences and methods for speciating and phenotyping organisms, for example, using probes based on the  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  rpoB gene. The groups or species to which an organism belongs may be determined by comparing hybridization patterns of target nucleic acid from the organism to hybridization patterns in a database.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application derives priority from U.S. Ser. No. 60/080,616, filed Apr. 3, 1998, and incorporated by reference. Applications U.S. Ser. No. 08/797,812, filed Feb. 7, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,575; U.S. Ser. No. 60/011,339, filed Feb. Feb. 8, 1996; U.S. Ser. No. 60/012,631, filed Mar. 1, 1996; U.S. Ser. No. 08/629,031, filed Apr. 8, 1996, now abandoned; and 60/017,765, filed 15 May 15, 1996 are directed to related subject matter. These applications are specifically incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST

The work described in this application was supported in part by grant number 1R43a140400 by the NIAID. The Government may have certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention is directed to polymorphisms in rpoB genes of mycobacteria and use of the same in the identification and characterization of microorganisms.

2. Background of the Invention

Multidrug resistance and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infections are factors which have had a profound impact on the tuberculosis problem. An increase in the frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to one or more anti-mycobacterial agents has been reported, Block, et al., (1994) JAMA 271:665-671. Immunocompromised HIV-1 infected patients not infected with M. tuberculosis are frequently infected with M. avium complex (MAC) or M. avium-M. intracellulare (MAI) complex. These mycobacteria species are often resistant to the drugs used to treat M. tuberculosis. These factors have re-emphasized the importance for the accurate determination of drug sensitivities and mycobacteria species identification.

In HIV-1 infected patients, the correct diagnosis of the mycobacterial disease is essential since treatment of M. tuberculosis infections differs from that called for by other mycobacteria infections, Hoffner, S. E. (1994) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Inf. Dis. 13:937-941. Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria commonly associated with HIV-1 infections include M. kansasii, M. xenopi, M. fortuitum, M. avium and M. intracellulare, Wolinsky, E., (1992) Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:1-12, Shafer, R. W. and Sierra, M. F. 1992 Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:161-162. Additionally, 13% of new cases (HIV-1 infected and non-infected) of M. tuberculosis are resistant to one of the primary anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid [INH], rifampin [RIF], streptomycin [STR], ethambutol [EMB] and pyrazinamide [PZA] and 3.2% are resistant to both RIF and INH, Block, et al., JAMA 271:665-671, (1994). Consequently, mycobacterial species identification and the determination of drug resistance have become central concerns during the diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases.

Methods used to detect, and to identify Mycobacterium species vary considerably. For detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, microscopic examination of acid-fast stained smears and cultures are still the methods of choice in most microbiological clinical laboratories. However, culture of clinical samples is hampered by the slow growth of mycobacteria. A mean time of four weeks is required before sufficient growth is obtained to enable detection and possible identification. Recently, two more rapid methods for culture have been developed involving a radiometric, Stager, C. E. et al., (1991) J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:154-157, and a biphasic (broth/agar) system Sewell, et al., (1993) J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2689-2472. Once grown, cultured mycobacteria can be analyzed by lipid composition, the use of species specific antibodies, species specific DNA or RNA probes and PCR-based sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene (Schirm, et al. (1995) J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3221-3224; Kox, et al. (1995) J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3225-3233) and IS6110 specific repetitive sequence analysis (For a review see, e.g., Small et al., P. M. and van Embden, J. D. A. (1994) Am. Society for Microbiology, pp. 569-582). The analysis of 16S rRNA sequences (RNA and DNA) has been the most informative molecular approach to identify Mycobacteria species (Jonas, et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2410-2416 (1993)). However, to obtain drug sensitivity information for the same isolate, additional protocols (culture) or alternative gene analysis is necessary.

To determine drug sensitivity information, culture methods are still the protocols of choice. Mycobacteria are judged to be resistant to particular drugs by use of either the standard proportional plate method or minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. However, given the inherent lengthy times required by culture methods, approaches to determine drug sensitivity based on molecular genetics have been recently developed.

Because resistance to RIF in E. coli strains was observed to arise as a result of mutations in the rpoB gene, Telenti, et al., id., identified a 69 base pair (bp) region of the M. tuberculosis rpoB gene as the locus where RIF resistant mutations were focused. Kapur, et al., (1995) Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 119:131-138, identified additional novel mutations in the M. tuberculosis rpoB gene which extended this core region to 81 bp. In a detailed review on antimicrobial agent resistance in mycobacteria, Musser (Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 8:496-514 (1995)), summarized all the characterized mutations and their relative frequency of occurrence in this 81 bp region of rpoB. Missense mutations comprise 88% of all known mutations while insertions (3 or 6 bp) and deletions (3, 6 and 9 bp) account for 4% and 8% of the remaining mutations, respectively. Approximately 90% of all RIF resistant tuberculosis isolates have been shown to have mutations in this 81 bp region. The remaining 10% are thought possibly to involve genes other than rpoB.

For the above reasons, it would be desirable to have simpler methods which identify and characterize microorganisms, such as Mycobacteria, both at the phenotypic and genotypic level. This invention fulfills that and related needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides isolated nucleic acids comprising at least 25, 50, 75, 100, or 200 contiguous bases from an rpoB sequence shown in Table 1 (SEQ ID NOS: 1-181). Some nucleic acid comprise a complete sequence shown in Table 1.

The invention further provides a set of probes perfectly complementary to and spanning such nucleic acids, preferably spanning one of the complete sequences shown in Table 1 (SEQ ID NOS: 1-181).

The invention further provides methods of classifying mycobacteria. Some such methods entail providing a sample comprising a mycobacterial rpoB target nucleic acid from a mycobacteria, determining the sequence of a segment of at least 50 contiguous bases from the target nucleic acid; comparing the determined sequence to at least one sequence shown in Table 1; and classifying the mycobacteria from the extent of similarity of the compared sequences. Preferably, at least 100 or 200 contiguous bases are determined from the target nucleic acid. Preferably, the determined sequence is compared with a plurality of sequences from Table 1, for example, 10, 20, 50 or all of the sequence from Table 1 (SEQ ID NOS: 1-181).

In other methods of classification, the identity of one or more bases in the target sequence at one or more positions corresponding to one or more of the highlighted positions in a sequence shown in Table 1 is determined. The identity of the one or more bases characterizing the species of mycobacteria that is present in the sample. In some methods, the identity of at least 10 bases in the target nucleic acid at positions corresponding to highlighted positions in a sequence shown in Table 1 is determined. In some methods, the identity of at least 20 bases in the target sequence at highlighted positions shown in Table 1 are identified. In some methods, at least 20 determined bases are compared with 20 bases occupying corresponding positions in each of at least ten sequences from Table 1.

In another aspect, the invention provides sequence-specific polynucleotide probes or primers that hybridizes to a segment of a mycobacterial rpoB sequence shown in Table 1 or its complement without hybridizing to the M. tuberculosis sequence designated ATCC9-Mtb in Table 1 or its complement, the segment including a highlighted nucleotide position shown in Table 1. In some such probes, a central position of the probe aligns with a highlighted nucleotide position shown in Table 1. In some such primers, the 3′ end of the primer aligns with a highlighted nucleotide position shown in Table 1. Some probes and primers are between 10 and 50 bases long.

In another aspect, the invention provides a computer-readable storage medium for storing data for access by an application program being executed on a data processing system. Such a system comprises a data structure stored in the computer-readable storage medium. The data structure includes information resident in a database used by the application program and includes a plurality of records, each record comprising information identifying a polymorphism or sequence shown in Table 1. Some records have a field identifying a base occupying a polymorphic site and a field identifying location of the polymorphic site. Some records record a contiguous segment of at least 50, 100, or 200 bases from an rpoB sequence shown in Table 1. Some storage medium comprise at least ten records each recording a contiguous segment of at least 50 bases from at least ten rpoB sequences shown in Table 1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Computer that may be utilized to execute software embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2: A system block diagram of a typical computer system that may be used to execute software embodiments of the invention.

DEFINITIONS

A polynucleotide can be DNA or RNA, and single- or double-stranded. Polynucleotide can be naturally occurring or synthetic, and can be of any length. Preferred polynucleotide probes of the invention include contiguous segments of DNA, or their complements including any of the highlighted bases shown in Table 1. The segments are usually between 5 and 100 bases, and often between 5-10, 5-20, 10-20, 10-50, 20-50 or 20-100 bases. The highlighted site can occur within any position of the segment. Preferred polynucleotide probes are capable of binding in a base-specific manner to a complementary strand of nucleic acid. Such probes include peptide nucleic acids, as described in Nielsen et al., Science 254, 1497-1500 (1991), and probes having nonnaturally occurring bases.

The term primer refers to a single-stranded polynucleotide capable of acting as a point of initiation of template-directed DNA synthesis under appropriate conditions (i.e., in the presence of four different nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerization, such as, DNA or RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase) in an appropriate buffer and at a suitable temperature. The appropriate length of a primer depends on the intended use of the primer but typically ranges from 15 to 30 nucleotides. Short primer molecules generally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes with the template. The term primer site refers to the area of the target DNA to which a primer hybridizes. The term primer pair means a set of primers including a 5′ upstream primer that hybridizes with the 5′ end of the DNA sequence to be amplified and a 3′, downstream primer that hybridizes with the complement of the 3′ end of the sequence to be amplified.

A cDNA or cRNA is derived from an RNA if it produced by a process in which the RNA serves as a template for production of the cDNA or cRNA.

Hybridizations are usually performed under stringent conditions, for example, at a salt concentration of no more than 1 M and a temperature of at least 25° C. For example, conditions of 5×SSPE (750 mM NaCl, 50 mM Na Phosphate, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) and a temperature of 25-30° C. are suitable for allele-specific probe hybridizations.

An isolated nucleic acid means an object species invention that is the predominant species present (i.e., on a molar basis it is more abundant than any other individual species in the composition). Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid comprises at least about 50, 80 or 90 percent (on a molar basis) of all macromolecular species present. Most preferably, the object species is purified to essential homogeneity (contaminant species cannot be detected in the composition by conventional detection methods).

For sequence comparison and homology determination, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters.

Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generally, Ausubel et al., infra).

One example of algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul (1993) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5787). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

The term “target nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid (often derived from a biological sample), to which the probe nucleic acid is designed to specifically hybridize. It is the presence or expression level of the target nucleic acid that is to be detected or quantified. The target nucleic acid has a sequence that is complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of the corresponding probe directed to the target. The term target nucleic acid may refer to the specific subsequence of a larger nucleic acid to which the probe is directed or to the overall sequence (e.g. gene or mRNA) whose expression level it is desired to detect. The difference in usage will be apparent from context.

“Subsequence” refers to a sequence of nucleic acids that comprise a part of a longer sequence of nucleic acids.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

I. Mycobacterial Sequences of rpoB Genes

Table 1 shows a comparison of a substantial collection of mycobacterial strains of an about 700-nucleotide conserved region of an rpoB gene. The sequences shown in Table 1 are identified as follows: SEQ ID NOS: 1-56, respectively, are shown on pages 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 61 and 65; SEQ ID NOS: 57-112, respectively, are shown on pages 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62 and 65; SEQ ID NOS: 113-168, respectively, are shown on pages 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 51, 55, 59, 63 and 66; SEQ ID NOS: 169-181, respectively, are shown on pages 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 52, 56, 60, 64 and 68. The first sequence, designated as a reference sequence, is from M. tuberculosis. Nucleotides are numbered consecutively starting from the first nucleotide of the reference sequences. Other sequences are from other strains of mycobacteria. For example, the sequences designated ATCC-av, M29, M30 . . . M104 are from M. avium. Sequences designated from ATT-chelnew, M11, M13, and M17 are from M. chelonae. Sequences designated ATCC-for, M53, M55, M56, and M74 are from M. fortuitum, and so forth. Complete correspondence between strain designations and strain types is shown in Table 2. Nucleotides in a mycobacterial sequence are accorded the same number as the corresponding position of the reference sequence when the two are maximally aligned. Differences between a sequence and the reference sequences are shown in highlighted type. Many of the highlighted positions are common to all tested members of a species. Other highlighted positions vary among different isolates in a species. Both types of variation can be useful in speciation analysis.

II. Analysis of Species Variations

A. Preparation of Samples

An rpoB sequence is isolated from a sample of an unknown mycobacteria being tested. Nucleic acids can be isolated from myobacteria by standard methods as described in WO 97/29212 (incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). The rpoB sequences to be analyzed can then be isolated and amplified by means of PCR. See generally PCR Technology. Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification (ed. H. A. Erlich, Freeman Press, NY, N.Y., 1992); PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (eds. Innis, et al., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1990); Mattila et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4967 (1991); Eckert et al., PCR Methods and Applications 1, 17 (1991); PCR (eds. McPherson et al., IRL Press, Oxford); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 (each of which is incorporated by reference for all purposes). Primers for PCR preferably flank the regions of interest rpoB genes, although primers to internal sites can be used if it is intended to analyze only certain sites of potential species variation. Exemplary primers are described in WO 97/29212. If necessary, additional sequences flanking the sequences shown in Table 1 can be determined using probes based on the sequences in Table 1 to isolate full-length rpoB sequences from the appropriate mycobacterial species.

B. Detection of Species-Specific Variations in Target DNA

1. Sequence-Specific Probes

The design and use of sequence-specific probes for analyzing polymorphisms is described by e.g., Saiki et al., Nature 324, 163-166 (1986); Dattagupta, EP 235,726, Saiki, WO 89/11548. Sequence-specific probes can be designed that hybridize to a segment of target DNA in one isolate of mycobacteria that do not isolate to a corresponding isolate in another due to the presence of allelic or species variations in the respective segments from the two sequences. Hybridization conditions should be sufficiently stringent that there is a significant difference in hybridization intensity between alleles, and preferably an essentially binary response, whereby a probe hybridizes to only one of the sequences. Some probes are designed to hybridize to a segment of target DNA such that the site of potential sequence variation aligns with a central position (e.g., in a 15 mer at the 7 position; in a 16 mer, at either the 8 or 9 position) of the probe. This design of probe achieves good discrimination in hybridization between different allelic and species variants.

Sequence-specific probes are often used in pairs, one member of a pair showing a perfect match to a reference form of a target sequence and the other member showing a perfect match to a variant form. Several pairs of probes can then be immobilized on the same support for simultaneous analysis of multiple potential variations within the same target sequence.

2. Tiling Arrays

The bases occupying sites of potential variation can also be identified by hybridization to nucleic acid arrays, some example of which are described by WO 95/11995 (incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Such arrays contain a series of overlapping probes spanning a reference sequence. Any of the rpoB sequences shown in Table 1, or contiguous segments of, for example, at least 25, 50, 100 or 200 bases thereof, can serve as a reference sequence. WO 95/11995 also describes subarrays that are optimized for detection of a variant forms of a precharacterized polymorphism. Such a subarray contains probes designed to be complementary to a second reference sequence, which is a variant of the first reference sequence. The inclusion of a second group (or further groups) can be particular useful for analyzing short subsequences of the primary reference sequence in which multiple mutations are expected to occur within a short distance commensurate with the length of the probes (i.e., two or more mutations within 9 to 21 bases).

3. Sequence-Specific Primers

A sequence-specific primer hybridizes to a site on target DNA overlapping a polymorphism and only primes amplification of a variant form to which the primer exhibits perfect complementarily. See Gibbs, Nucleic Acid Res. 17, 2427-2448 (1989). This primer is used in conjunction with a second primer which hybridizes at a distal site. Amplification proceeds from the two primers leading to a detectable product signifying the particular variant form is present. A control is usually performed with a second pair of primers, one of which shows a single base mismatch at the site of variation and the other of which exhibits perfect complementarily to a distal site. The single-base mismatch prevents amplification and no detectable product is formed. The method works best when the mismatch is included in the 3′-most position of the primer aligned with the point of variation because this position is most destabilizing to elongation from the primer. See, e.g., WO 93/22456.

4. Direct-Sequencing

The direct analysis of mycobacterial sequences can be accomplished using either the dideoxy chain termination method or the Maxam Gilbert method (see Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed., CSHP, New York 1989); Zyskind et al., Recombinant DNA Laboratory Manual, (Acad. Press, 1988)).

III. Methods of Use

The sequences and polymorphisms shown in Table 1 are useful for identifying the presence of myobacteria in samples, and optionally, classifying the mycobacteria. The sample can be obtained from a patient or from a biological source, such as a food product.

The sequences shown in Table 1 can be used for design of sequence-specific probes or primers encompassing polymorphic sites as described above. These probes or primers can then be used to determine the base occupying a corresponding position in an rpoB sequence from an isolate in a sample under test. A base in one sequence corresponds with a base in another when the two bases occupy the same position when the two sequences are maximally aligned by one of the criteria described in Definitions.

Alternatively, the sequences shown in Table 1 can be used for design of tiling arrays in which one or more of the sequences serves as a reference sequence. At least one set of overlapping probes is designed spanning a segment of the reference sequence, as described in WO95/11995 or EP 717,113. Target sequences from samples under test can be hybridized to such arrays, optionally in combination with controls of known rpoB sequences. The hybridization pattern of a target sequence to such an array can be analyzed to determine the identity of bases at which the target sequence differs from the reference sequence, as described in WO 95/11995.

One or more of the above methods, or direct sequencing, can be used to identify the base occupying at least one and usually several (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 25, 50 or 100) sites of potential variation between the 16S RNA and/or rpoB gene in an unknown mycobacteria relative to bases occupying corresponding sites in one or more known strains of mycobacteria, such as those shown in Table 1. This analysis results in a profile of bases occupying particular sites that characterizes the mycobacterial strain under test. The profile is compared with the corresponding profiles of different mycobacterial isolates shown in e.g., Table 1. In general, the unknown mycobacterium isolate is characterized as being from the same mycobacterial species as the precharacterized isolate with which it shares the greatest similarity in base profile.

In some methods, the sequence of a contiguous segment of the rpoB target nucleic acid is determined in a sample under test for comparison with one or more of the sequences shown in Table 1. The mycobacteria is classified by the extent of similarity. For example, if a target nucleic acid shows greater sequence identity to rpoB sequences from one species than any other, the sample from which the target was obtained is typically classified as arising from that species.

Alternatively, an array of tiled probes based on a reference sequence shown in Table 1 can be used for identifying and characterizing mycobacterial sequences based on comparison of hybridization patterns. Such an array is hybridized to a 16S RNA or rpoB target sequence from a sample, and the hybridization pattern compared with the hybridization pattern of one or more control sequences. The hybridization patterns of control sequences can be historic controls, stored, for example, in a computer database, or can be contemporaneous controls performed at or near the same time as the hybridization to the target sequence. Optionally, hybridization of target and reference sequence can be performed simultaneously using different labels.

Method of classifying unknown mycobacterial isolate by matching the hybridization pattern of a target sequence with those of control sequences from characterized species are described in more detail in WO 97/29212 (incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). In an idealized case, the detection of a particular hybridization pattern in an isolate characterizes that isolate as belonging to a particular species. This can occur when the hybridization pattern detected in the isolate is uniquely associated with a specific species. More frequently however, such an unique one-to-one correspondence is not present. Instead, the hybridization pattern observed in an isolate does not bear a unique correspondence with a previously characterized species. However, the hybridization pattern detected is associated with a probability of the organism being screened belonging to a particular species (or not) or carrying a particular phenotypic trait (or not). As a result, analysis of an increasing number of polymorphic sites in an isolate, allows one to classify the isolated with an increasing level of confidence. Algorithms can be used to derive such composite probabilities from the comparison of multiple polymorphic forms between an isolate and references. Typically, the mathematical algorithm makes a call of the identity of the species and assign a confidence level to that call. One can determine the confidence level (>90%, >95% etc.) that one desires and the algorithm will analyze the hybridization pattern and either provide an identification or not. Occasionally, the call is that the sample may be one of two, three or more species, in which case a specific identification is not be possible. However, one of the strengths of this technique is that the rapid screening made possible by the chip-based hybridization allows one to continuously expand a database of patterns ultimately to enable the identification of species previously unidentifiable due to lack of sufficient information.

IV. Modified Polypeptides and Gene Sequences

The invention further provides variant forms of nucleic acids and corresponding proteins. The nucleic acids comprise one of the sequences described in Table 1. Some nucleic acid encode full-length variant forms of proteins. Variant proteins have the prototypical amino acid sequences of encoded by nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 1 (read so as to be in-frame with the full-length coding sequence of which it is a component).

Variant genes can be expressed in an expression vector in which a variant gene is operably linked to a native or other promoter. Usually, the promoter is a eukaryotic promoter for expression in a mammalian cell. The transcription regulation sequences typically include a heterologous promoter and optionally an enhancer which is recognized by the host. The selection of an appropriate promoter, for example trp, lac, phage promoters, glycolytic enzyme promoters and tRNA promoters, depends on the host selected. Commercially available expression vectors can be used. Vectors can include host-recognized replication systems, amplifiable genes, selectable markers, host sequences useful for insertion into the host genome, and the like.

The means of introducing the expression construct into a host cell varies depending upon the particular construction and the target host. Suitable means include fusion, conjugation, transfection, transduction, electroporation or injection, as described in Sambrook, supra. A wide variety of host cells can be employed for expression of the variant gene, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Suitable host cells include bacteria such as E. coli, yeast, filamentous fungi, insect cells, mammalian cells, typically immortalized, e.g., mouse, CHO, human and monkey cell lines and derivatives thereof. Preferred host cells are able to process the variant gene product to produce an appropriate mature polypeptide. Processing includes glycosylation, ubiquitination, disulfide bond formation, general post-translational modification, and the like.

The protein may be isolated by conventional means of protein biochemistry and purification to obtain a substantially pure product, i.e., 80, 95 or 99% free of cell component contaminants, as described in Jacoby, Methods in Enzymology Volume 104, Academic Press, New York (1984); Scopes, Protein Purification, Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, New York (1987); and Deutscher (ed), Guide to Protein Purification, Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 182 (1990). If the protein is secreted, it can be isolated from the supernatant in which the host cell is grown. If not secreted, the protein can be isolated from a lysate of the host cells.

In addition to substantially full-length polypeptides expressed by variant genes, the present invention includes biologically active fragments of the polypeptides, or analogs thereof, including organic molecules which simulate the interactions of the peptides. Biologically active fragments include any portion of the full-length polypeptide which confers a biological function on the variant gene product, including ligand binding, and antibody binding. Ligand binding includes binding by nucleic acids, proteins or polypeptides, small biologically active molecules, or large cellular structures.

Polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to variant gene products but not to corresponding prototypical gene products are also provided. Antibodies can be made by injecting mice or other animals with the variant gene product or synthetic peptide fragments thereof. Monoclonal antibodies are screened as are described, for example, in Harlow & Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York (1988); Goding, Monoclonal antibodies, Principles and Practice (2d ed.) Academic Press, New York (1986). Monoclonal antibodies are tested for specific immunoreactivity with a variant gene product and lack of immunoreactivity to the corresponding prototypical gene product. These antibodies are useful in diagnostic assays for detection of the variant form, or as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition.

V. Kits

The invention further provides kits comprising at least one sequence-specific probe as described above. Often, the kits contain one or more pairs of sequence-specific probes hybridizing to different forms of a polymorphism. In some kits, the sequence-specific probes are provided immobilized to a substrate. For example, the same substrate can comprise sequence-specific probes for detecting at least 10, 100 or all of the variations shown in Table 1. Optional additional components of the kit include, for example, restriction enzymes, reverse-transcriptase or polymerase, the substrate nucleoside triphosphates, means used to label (for example, an avidin-enzyme conjugate and enzyme substrate and chromogen if the label is biotin), and the appropriate buffers for reverse transcription, PCR, or hybridization reactions. Usually, the kit also contains instructions for carrying out the methods.

VI. Computer Databases

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a computer system that can be used to store records relating to polymorphisms of the invention and perform algorithms comparing polymorphic profiles and to classify species. FIG. 2 shows a computer system 100 which includes a monitor 102, screen 104, cabinet 106, keyboard 108, and mouse 110. Mouse 110 may have one or more buttons such as mouse buttons 112. Cabinet 106 houses a CD-ROM drive 114, a system memory and a hard drive (see FIG. 2) which can be utilized to store and retrieve software programs incorporating code that implements the present invention, data for use with the present invention, and the like. Although a CD-ROM 116 is shown as an exemplary computer readable storage medium, other computer readable storage media including floppy disks, tape, flash memory, system memory, and hard drives may be utilized. Cabinet 106 also houses familiar computer components such as a central processor, system memory, hard disk, and the like.

FIG. 2 shows a system block diagram of computer system 100 that may be used to execute software embodiments of the present invention. As in FIG. 1, computer system 100 includes monitor 102 and keyboard 108. Computer system 100 further includes subsystems such as a central processor 102, system memory 120, I/O controller 122, display adapter 124, removable disk 126 (e.g., CD-ROM drive), fixed disk 128 (e.g., hard drive), network interface 130, and speaker 132. Other computer systems suitable for use with the present invention may include additional or fewer subsystems. For example, another computer system can include more than one processor 102 (i.e., a multi-processor system) or a cache memory.

Arrows such as 134 represent the system bus architecture of computer system 100. However, these arrows are illustrative of any interconnection scheme serving to link the subsystems. For example, a local bus can be utilized to connect the central processor to the system memory and display adapter. Computer system 100 shown in FIG. 1 is but an example of a computer system suitable for use with the present invention.

The computer stores records relating to the polymorphisms of the record. Some such records record a polymorphism by reference to the position of a polymorphic site and the identity of base(s) occupying that site in one or more species. Some databases include records for at least ten polymorphic sites in at least ten of the sequences shown in Table 1. Some databases include records for all of the polymorphic sites in at least one of the sequences shown in Table 1. Some databases includes records for at least 100, 1000, or 2000 polymorphic sites shown in Table 1. Some databases include records for all of the polymorphic sites shown in Table 1.

The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example, for purposes of clarity and understanding. It will be obvious to one of skill in the art that changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, it is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the following appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

All patents, patent applications and publications cited in this application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual patent, patent application or publication were so individually denoted.

TABLE 2 Affy# SAMPLE ID# Alt. ID SPECIES MY621 ATCC M. abscessus ATCC1 25291 ATCC-av M. avium M100 60300 MAC M. avium M101 60112 MAC M. avium M102 60268 MAC M. avium M103 60270 MAC M. avium M104 60272 MAC M. avium M105 60293 MAC M. avium M106 60313 MAC M. avium M107 60345 MAC M. avium M29 95-1764 M. avium M30 95-1766 M. avium M31 95-1768 M. avium M32 95-1770 M. avium M33 95-1775 M. avium M34 95-1776 M. avium M48 95-1765 M. avium M49 95-1769 M. avium M63 MAC #1 MAC M. avium M64 MAC #2 MAC M. avium M65 MAC #3 MAC M. avium M67 MAC #5 MAC M. avium M69 MAC #7 MAC M. avium M70 MAC #8 MAC M. avium M71 MAC #9 MAC M. avium M72 MAC #10 MAC M. avium M91 FM avium-intracell. M. avium FM(MAC) M92 60040 MAC M. avium M93 60042 MAC M. avium M94 60049 MAC M. avium M95 60051 MAC M. avium M96 60110 MAC M. avium M97 60116 MAC M. avium M98 60123 MAC M. avium M99 60176 MAC M. avium M78 92-773 M. bovis MY451 M. bovis ATCC2 35752 ATCC-chel(new) M. chelonae M10 95A9151 M. chelonae M11 95A0477 M. chelonae M115 60121 M. chelonae M116 52942 M. chelonae M117 43192 M. chelonae M118 53180 M. chelonae M119 53131 M. chelonae M12 95A4883 M. chelonae M120 52923 M. chelonae M121 52919 M. chelonae M13 95A2611 M. chelonae M14 95A0779 M. chelonae M15 95A8654 M. chelonae M16 95A8882 M. chelonae M17 95A8881 M. chelonae M50 95A11814 M. chelonae M51 95A1102 M. chelonae M75 #13 MAC#13 M. chelonae MY109 M. chelonae MY200 M. chelonae MY207 M. chelonae MY209 M. chelonae M122 60025 M. flavescens M123 60078 M. flavescens M124 60252 M. flavescens ATCC3 6841 ATTC-for M. fortuitum M53 60305 M. fortuitum M54 60344 M. fortuitum M55 60435 M. fortuitum M56 60447 M. fortuitum M74 #12 MAC#12 M. fortuitum M88 CH font. CH M. fortuitum MY221 M. fortuitum MY223 M. fortuitum MY225 M. fortuitum MY341 M. fortuitum MY715 M. fortuitum MY470 M. genevese ATCC4 14470 ATCC-go M. gordonae ATCC4-0 gord. M. gordonae M125 60068 M. gordonae M126 60182 M. gordonae M127 60214 M. gordonae M128 60283 M. gordonae M78 92-942 gord. LZ M. gordonae M79 93-692 gord. JD M. gordonae M80 94-94 gord. LG M. gordonae M81 93-1231 gord. LL M. gordonae M82 93-463 gord. RM M. gordonae M83 92-1219 gord. MB M. gordonae M84 91-1131 gord. OW M. gordonae M85 91-1478 gord. LB M. gordonae M86 92-642 gord. RB M. gordonae M87 93-1180 gord. WN M. gordonae M90 DB gord. DB M. gordonae MY103 M. gordonae MY475 M. gordonae MY476 M. gordonae My746 M. gordonae MY830 M. gordonae ATCC5 ATCC-int M. intracellulare ATCC5-0 intra M. intracellulare M18 95-1778 M. intracellulare M19 95-1780 M. intracellulare M20 94-1781 M. intracellulare M21 95-1782 M. intracellulare M22 95-1790 M. intracellulare M23 95-1794 M. intracellulare M24 95-1796 M. intracellulare M25 95-1777 M. intracellulare M26 95-1779 M. intracellulare M27 95-1760 M. intracellulare M28 95-1761 M. intracellulare ATCC6 12478 ATTC-kan M. kansasii ATCC6-0 kans. M. kansasii M1 95A5375 M. kansasii M2 95A10299 M. kansasii M3 96A0020 M. kansasii M4 95A3977 M. kansasii M5 95A4739 M. kansasii M52 95A5381 M. kansasii M57 60163 M. kansasii M58 60180 M. kansasii M59 60207 M. kansasii M59 95A2695 M. kansasii M60 60294 M. kansasii M61 60308 M. kansasii M62 60314 M. kansasii M7 95A2694 M. kansasii M73 #11 MAC#11 M. kansasii M8 94A9042 M. kansasii M9 95A1275 M. kansasii MY106 M. kansasii MY141 M. kansasii MY216 M. kansasii MY218 M. kansasii MY226 M. kansasii M108 60044 M. malmoense M109 60149 M. malmoense M110 60211 M. malmoense M111 60202 M. malmoense M112 60085 M. malmoense M113 60047 M. malmoense M114 60185 M. malmoense MY325 ATCC M. malmoense MY718 maimo M. malmoense MY214 M. marinum MY224 M. marinum MY244 M. marinum MY339 M. marinum MY343 M. marinum MY458 ATCC M. mucogenicum MY809 M. mucogenicum MY817 M. mucogenicum MY821 M. mucogenicum MY824 M. mucogenicum MY102 M. nonchromagenicum MY105 M. nonchromagenicum MY251 M. nonchromagenicum MY256 M. nonchromagenicum MY294 M. nonchromagenicum ATCC7 19981 ATCC-scr M. scrofulaceum ATCC7-0 scrof. M. scrofulaceum MY121 M. scrofulaceum MY249 M. scrofulaceum MY372 M. scrofulaceum MY387 M. scrofulaceum MY484 M. sinniae MY556 M. sinniae MY583 M. sinniae MY586 M. sinniae ATCC8 19420 ATCC-sme M. smegmatis M35 95A1072 M. smegmatis M36 95A8183 M. smegmatis M37 95A4990 M. smegmatis M77 92-144 smeg. JL M. smegmatis MY143 ATCC M. smegmatis MY104 M. szulgai MY198 M. szulgai MY357 M. szulgai MY358 M. szulgai MY480 M. szulgai TB74 C.17.96.5 M. tab M160 DR MY387 M. tb MY418 M. tb MY437 M. tb MY462 M. tb TB59 C.18.96.1 M. tb H37rv DR TB57 C.16.96.1 M. tb H37rv DR TB73 C.17.96.1 M. tb H37rv DR TB60 C.18.96.2 M. tb J35 DR TB65 C.22.96.9 M. tb M101 DR TB82 C.18.96.4 M. tb M104 DR TB89 C.16.96.3 M. tb M104 DR TB72 C.16.98.7 M. tb M104 DR TB66 C.22.96.10 M. tb M112 DR TB63 C.18.96.5 M. tb M140 DR TB64 C.18.96.6 M. tb M160 DR TB70 C.18.96.4 M. tb M160 DR TB61 C.18.96.3 M. tb M60 DR TB68 C.18.96.2 M. tb M60 DR TB71 C.18.96.5 M. tb M60 DR MY212 M. terrae MY354 M. terrae MY491 M. terrae MY497 M. terrae MY816 M. triplex ATCC9 27294 Mtb M. tuberculosis ATCC9-0 TB2020 M. tuberculosis N/A 93-1071 M. tuberculosis N/A 93-336 M. tuberculosis N/A 92-852 M. tuberculosis N/A 92-1005 M. tuberculosis N/A 92-243 M. tuberculosis N/A 92-304 M. tuberculosis N/A 92-199 M. tuberculosis N/A 92-197 M. tuberculosis N/A 92-484 M. tuberculosis N/A 94-577 M. tuberculosis TB1 936 M. tuberculosis TB10 1122 M. tuberculosis TB11 3407 M. tuberculosis TB12 978 M. tuberculosis TB13 3553 M. tuberculosis TB14 3468 M. tuberculosis TB15 2163 M. tuberculosis TB16 DW DW M. tuberculosis TB17 CB CB M. tuberculosis TB18 PB PB M. tuberculosis TB19 AA AA M. tuberculosis TB2 M0404A M. tuberculosis TB20 3492 M. tuberculosis TB21 1435 M. tuberculosis TB22 896 M. tuberculosis TB23 2268 M. tuberculosis TB24 3455 M. tuberculosis TB25 37 M. tuberculosis TB26 173 M. tuberculosis TB27 230 M. tuberculosis TB28 2519 M. tuberculosis TB29 T29233 M. tuberculosis TB3 1231 M. tuberculosis TB30 SP SP M. tuberculosis TB31 3201 M. tuberculosis TB32 3219 M. tuberculosis TB33 80 M. tuberculosis TB34 3442 M. tuberculosis TB35 3502 M. tuberculosis TB36 3759 M. tuberculosis TB37 1295 M. tuberculosis TB38 337 M. tuberculosis TB39 394 M. tuberculosis TB4 914 M. tuberculosis TB40 499 M. tuberculosis TB41 535 M. tuberculosis TB42 607 M. tuberculosis TB43 707 M. tuberculosis TB44 692 M. tuberculosis TB45 2408 M. tuberculosis TB46 1069 M. tuberculosis TB47 M3282A M. tuberculosis TB48 1338 M. tuberculosis TB49 1368 M. tuberculosis TB5 1145 M. tuberculosis TB50 65 M. tuberculosis TB51 727 M. tuberculosis TB52 3455 M. tuberculosis TB53 3506 M. tuberculosis TB54 9500387 M. tuberculosis TB55 9600173 M. tuberculosis TB56 9503471 M. tuberculosis TB57 9600309 M. tuberculosis TB58 9600230 M. tuberculosis TB6 1417 M. tuberculosis TB7 SM2341 M. tuberculosis TB75 2098 M. tuberculosis TB76 173/1 M. tuberculosis TB77 1122/1 M. tuberculosis TB78 1417/1 M. tuberculosis TB8 1587 M. tuberculosis TB9 M7032A M. tuberculosis ATCC10 19250 ATTC-xen M. xenopi M129 60133 M. xenopi M130 60200 M. xenopi M131 60365 M. xenopi M132 60387 M. xenopi M38 95A5208 M. xenopi M39 95A5399 M. xenopi M40 95A3938 M. xenopi M41 95A8782 M. xenopi M42 95A0933 M. xenopi M43 95A4320 M. xenopi M44 95A478 M. xenopi M45 95A2997 M. xenopi M46 95A8383 M. xenopi M47 95A4319 M. xenopi M89 SG xen.SG M. xenopi MY219 M. xenopi MY250 M. xenopi MY252 M. xenopi MY254 M. xenopi MY255 M. xenopi MY107 MAC MY111 MAC MY112 MAC MY312 MAC M66 MAC #4 MAC #4 unique 

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A polynucleotide probe or primer that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a mycobacterial rpoB sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 or its complement without hybridizing to the M. tuberculosis sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or its complement, wherein said stringent hybridization conditions comprise 5×SSPE and a temperature of 25-30° C.
 21. The polynucleotide of claim 20 that is a probe.
 22. The polynucleotide of claim 21, wherein a central position of the probe aligns with one or more bases of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 which differ from the corresponding one or more bases in SEQ ID NO: 1 when the sequences are maximally aligned.
 23. The sequence-specific polynucleotide of claim 20 that is a primer.
 24. The polynucleotide of claim 23, wherein the 3′ end of the primer aligns with one or more bases of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 which differ from the corresponding one or more bases in SEQ ID NO: 1 when the sequences are maximally aligned.
 25. The polynucleotide of claim 20 that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to at least 100 contiguous bases of a mycobacterial rpoB sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 or its complement without hybridizing to the M. tuberculosis sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or its complement, wherein said stringent hybridization conditions comprise 5×SSPE and a temperature of 25-30° C.
 26. A polynucleotide probe or primer that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to at least 100 contiguous bases of a mycobacterial rpoB sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 8 and 10 or its complement without hybridizing to the M. tuberculosis sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or its complement, wherein said stringent hybridization conditions comprise 5×SSPE and a temperature of 25-30° C.
 27. The polynucleotide of claim 26, wherein the polynucleotide is a probe, and wherein a central position of the probe aligns with one or more bases of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 8 and 10 which differ from the corresponding one or more bases in SEQ ID NO: 1 when the sequences are maximally aligned.
 28. The polynucleotide of claim 26, wherein the polynucleotide is a primer, and wherein the 3′ end of the primer aligns with one or more bases of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 8 and 10 which differ from the corresponding one or more bases in SEQ ID NO: 1 when the sequences are maximally aligned. 